Teori Perkembangan Robert Havighurst

Robert Havighurst seorang psikologi Amerika terkenal dengan teori perkembangan sosio budaya dan antropologi. Beliau berpendapat perkembangan kanak-kanak amat dipengaruhi oleh persekitarannya. Institusi keluarga amat mempengaruhi personaliti kanak-kanak. Havighurst membahagikan tiga peringkat;

1. Peringkat Bayi dan Awal Kanak-kanak ( 0-6 tahun)

Kanak-kanak mula bercakap, mula berintraksi dengan orang lain, belajar bertolak ansur dan bertimbang rasa, sedia mendengar pandangan orang lain dan boleh membezakan betul dan salah.

2. Peringkat Pertengahan Kanak-kanak ( 6-12 tahun )

Menguasai beberapa kemahiran dalam permainan, kemahiran 3M, mula berkawan dengan orang lain dan mampu memahami konsep hidup serta moral.

3. Peringkat Awal Remaja dan Remaja ( 12-18 tahun )

Bentuk badan mula berubah, minat bergaul dengan rakan berlainan jantina, ingin kebebasan dan konsep baik dan buruk semankin mantap.

Teori Perkembangan Arnold Gesell

Menurut Gesel, perkembangan merupakan suatu proses kematangan atau fisiologi. Selagi kematangan fisiologi tidak dicapai, apa sahaja yang dilakukan seperti berjalan tidak akan berjaya. Gesell telah membahagikan perkembangan kanak-kanak kepada lima peringkat;

1. Peringkat Pertama ( 0- 1 tahun )

· Umur 1 bulan: tangisan berlainan untuk menyatakan kehendak yang berbeza seperti tangisan lapar berlainan dengan tangisan menarik perhatian.

· Umur 4 bulan : mata boleh bergerak mengikut gerakan objek.

· Umur 6 bulan : dapat menggenggam objek.

· Umur 7 bulan : boleh duduk dan merangkak.

· Umur 12 bulan : boleh berdiri dan memegang objek tinggi.

2. Peringkat Kedua ( 1- 2 tahun )

·  Boleh bertatih, berjalan, berlari, bercakap dan sudah mula tahu makna “ jangan”

3. Peringkat Ketiga ( 2- 3 tahun )

· Boleh makan bersendirian dan mula bercakap dengan menggunakan ayat mudah.

4. Peringkat Keempat ( 3-4 tahun )

·Dapat naik basikal beroda tiga dan menerima arahan mudah.

5. Peringkat Kelima ( 5 tahun )

·Telah mula mengemukakan soalan dan bersedia masuk prasekolah.

Headstart

1. Program of the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provides comprehensive education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income children and their families. 

2. The program's services and resources are designed to foster stable family relationships, enhance children’s physical and emotional well-being, and establish an environment to develop strong cognitive skills.

3. Launched in 1965 by its creator and first director Jule Sugarman

4. Originally conceived as a catch-up summer school program that would teach low-income children in a few weeks what they needed to know to start kindergarten. 

5. The program was further revised when it was reauthorized in December, 2007. 

6. "Head Start promotes school preparation by enhancing the social and cognitive development of children through the provision of educational, health, nutritional, social and other services." 

7. Head start program provided services of : 

• Early Head Start Program promotes healthy prenatal outcomes, healthy families and infant and toddler development beginning as young as newborns.
• Head Start helps to create healthy development in low-income children ages three to five. Offers services that depend on each child and family's culture and experience, to influence all aspects of a child's development and learning.
• Family and Community Partnerships Head Start offers parents opportunities and support as they identify and meet their own goals, nurture their children in the context of their family and culture, and advocate for communities that support children and families of all cultures.
• Migrant and Seasonal Head Start provides Head Start services to children of migrant and seasonal farm workers. Services target children from six-months to five-years of age. Because of the families' work constraints, service hours are longer and programs extend for fewer months than traditional Head Start.
• Head Start targets Indigenous peoples of the Americas Native children and families.

4/3/2013

11 Anjakan Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan

1. Menyediakan kesamarataan akses kepada pendidikan berkualiti bertaraf antarabangsa.
2. Memastikan setiap murid profisien dalam bahasa Malaysia dan bahasa Inggeris.
3. Melahirkan rakyat Malaysia yang menghayati nilai.
4. Transformasi keguruan sebagai profesion pilihan.
5. Memastikan pemimpin berprestasi tinggi ditempatkan di setiap sekolah.
6. Mengupaya JPN, PPD dan sekolah untuk menyediakan penyelesaian khusus berasaskan keperluan.
7. Memanfaatkan ICT bagi meningkatkan kualiti pembelajaran di Malaysia.
8. Transformasi kebolehan dan keupayaan penyampaian pendidikan.
9. Bekerjasama dengan ibu bapa, komuniti dan sektor swasta secara meluas.
10. Memaksimumkan keberhasilan murid bagi setiap ringgit.
11. Meningkatkan ketelusan akauntabiliti awam.

PPEK3104 Perancangan Program & Strategi Pengajaran

25/2/2013 

Newborn Baby Jig 

1. From birth, movement games encourage every area of your baby's growth, including the intellectual and feelings of self-worth. In addition you can begin helping your baby to develop head control.

2. Baby will benefit from :

• Head control
• Movement awareness
• Bone, muscle and joint development
• Strength and mobility
• Developing brain-muscle-nerve connections
• Sense of achievement and fun 

There are many ways to help in child development : 

1. Ways to help baby learn = Flash card ( background white in colour, words are red in colour )

2. Ways to help children learn = Flash card ( background white in colour, words are black in colour )

3. Ways to help baby's physical development = movement games ( Gentle Lift ) encourage every areas of young baby's growth, including the intellectual and feelings of self-growth.

4. Ways to help baby walk = Use falange to help baby walk, Give motivation, Walk together on your legs 

#  Mother can do exercises everyday with the baby by hugging the baby and run 10 rounds in the house per day. #